Understanding ADHD Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria
Written and Researched by: Evan Lieberman
Updated: 11/11/2024
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development.
Recognizing the symptoms of ADHD and understanding the criteria used for diagnosis can help individuals seek appropriate treatment and support. This article outlines the core symptoms of ADHD and the diagnostic criteria established by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), providing a comprehensive overview of how ADHD is identified and assessed.
Core Symptoms of ADHD
ADHD symptoms are generally categorized into two main types: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. These symptoms can manifest differently across age groups, and severity can vary widely among individuals.
Inattention
Inattention in ADHD involves a difficulty in maintaining focus, following detailed instructions, and organizing tasks. Symptoms of inattention include:
- Often failing to give close attention to details or making careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
- Frequently having difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
- Often seeming not to listen when spoken to directly.
- Struggling to follow through on instructions and failing to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace.
- Having difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
- Avoiding or being reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.
- Losing things necessary for tasks and activities.
- Being easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
- Being forgetful in daily activities.
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity
Hyperactivity-impulsivity in ADHD is characterized by excessive movement, fidgeting, or talking, and a difficulty with impulse control. Symptoms include:
- Often fidgeting with or tapping hands or feet, or squirming in seat.
- Frequently leaving seat in situations when remaining seated is expected.
- Often running about or climbing in situations where it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to feeling restless).
- Being unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly.
- Often being “on the go” or acting as if “driven by a motor.”
- Talking excessively.
- Blurting out answers before questions have been completed.
- Having difficulty waiting one’s turn.
- Interrupting or intruding on others (e.g., butting into conversations or games).
Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD
The DSM-5 outlines specific criteria for the diagnosis of ADHD, which include:
- Age of Onset: Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms must have been present before age 12.
- Duration: Symptoms must be present for at least six months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities.
- Environment: Several symptoms are present in two or more settings (e.g., at home, school, or work; with friends or relatives; in other activities).
- Impairment: There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational functioning.
Final Thoughts
ADHD is a complex disorder that requires a comprehensive evaluation to diagnose accurately. Understanding the symptoms and diagnostic criteria is crucial for identifying ADHD in individuals and ensuring they receive the support and treatment necessary for managing the disorder. If ADHD is suspected, a thorough assessment by a qualified healthcare professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, is essential to obtain an accurate diagnosis and to discuss treatment options.